Characterization of the protocatechuic acid catabolic gene cluster from Streptomyces sp
GEP44, GEP12 is less potent than GEP44 when administered in vivo to reduce food intake and body weight (and is much more unstable to aggregation in aqueous solution)
It is involved in the elimination of numerous waste products and toxins , preventing them from accumulating and causing negative effects
Key principles of conjugation: All six pathways require specific cofactors (nutrient deficiencies directly impair detoxification) Competition exists between pathways when a single substrate can be conjugated by more than one enzyme Conjugation does not always produce a less toxic product (some sulfation and acetylation reactions generate reactive metabolites) Conjugated products must still be transported out of the cell via Phase III transporters (MRP, P-gp, BCRP) for excretion R Bile is the primary excretion route for large, glucuronidated, and glutathione-conjugated metabolites Urine handles smaller, sulfated and acetylated conjugates The balance between Phase I activation and Phase II conjugation is critical
Inhibitory effect of GLP-1 ongastric motility persists after vagal deafferentation in pigs
Rare but serious events such as pancreatitis and gallbladder disease have been reported, requiring prompt evaluation