DNA binding and transcription factor modulation Direct DNA interactions: GHK-Cu can bind DNA through copper ion coordination with bases and backbone phosphates
In skeletal muscle specifically, MOTS-c has been shown to enhance glucose transporter-4 (GLUT4) translocation to the cell surface, the molecular mechanism by which muscle cells absorb glucose from the bloodstream
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Transwell filter migration assays documented enhanced fibroblast migration in dose-dependent patterns
This tachyphylaxis of gastric emptying is best documented for long-acting GLP-1 receptor agonists, where short-acting agents produce large, sustained emptying delays while long-acting agents produce an emptying delay that wanes with continued dosing
Outcome statistics (Additional file 1: S1, S3S6) were either reported as odds ratios (ORs), hazard ratios (HRs) or mean differences with 95% confidence intervals (CIs)