Under conditions of severe oxidative or genotoxic stress, p53 promotes transcription of pro-apoptotic genes such as Bax and PUMA, thereby facilitating mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization and apoptosis ( NRF2 is a master regulator of antioxidant and cytoprotective gene expression that responds to alterations in mitochondrial redox state
For the estimated 936 million adults worldwide affected by OSA (Benjafield et al., The Lancet Respiratory Medicine , 2019), this represents a meaningful new treatment pathway, though not a replacement for established therapies in all cases
This is where hormonal optimization becomes critical
10.1111/j.1600-0749.2006.00299.x Pigment Cell Res
The duration of estrogens absence prior to therapy is particularly relevant, as it influences the risk of atherosclerosis
By resolving the inflammatory cascade more quickly