These claims frequently rely on small studies conducted several decades ago, uncontrolled patient series or animal experiments using routes and conditions that differ from modern commercial products
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While GLUD1, which is found only in hominoids, is expressed in multiple tissues (Plaitakis et al., 1980), its isoform, GLUD2, is expressed exclusively in the brain and testicular tissues (Shashidharan et al., 1994)
DHAR activity in leaves of the two species was found to increase with both heat and cold stresses (Lu et al., 2008)
GLP-2 means glucagon-like peptide-2, a distinct peptide associated mainly with intestinal biology
The core downstream effect of this pathway is the promotion of neurogenesis and synapse formation