Sublingual delivery of vitamin B12 is an effective means of delivering the vitamin directly into the blood stream particularly for patients that have undergone a distal gastric bypass surgery
Ligand binding drives receptor autophosphorylation, IRS-1/IRS-2 adapter recruitment, and activation of two primary downstream cascades: PI3K/Akt/mTOR (governing protein synthesis, glucose uptake, and cell survival) and MAPK/ERK (regulating cell proliferation and differentiation)
Increased glucose metabolism is highly preferred by cancer cells to yield much higher ATP and it also generates biosynthesis relevant precursor molecules
For measuring downstream effects on lipid peroxidation, TBARS assays quantifying malondialdehyde levels in oxidatively stressed cell cultures are well-established
Cell Host Microbe 31, 171172
Yet, similar to other BPC-157 formulations, there is no data on the proper dosing of BPC-157 nasal spray in research settings