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Beyond this, tobacco and tobacco smoke can contain a variety of carcinogens including lead, arsenic, and cadmium
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The stimulation of smoke-exposed epithelial cells with PAMPs, such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or dsRNA as well as exposure to human rhinovirus, nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHI), Staphylococcus aureus and Moraxella catarrhalis attenuated the in vitro production of potent pro-inflammatory mediators, in particular pathogen-induced neutrophil-mobilizing cytokines [136,153,154,155,156]
Discussion This study is an update on 2016 data from the Philippines based on the methodology used in the study by Cohen and colleagues (2021) which examined flavored cigarettes in low- to middle-income countries, specifically Bangladesh, Brazil, China, Indonesia, Philippines, Russia, Thailand, and Vietnam [35]