for example, IL-1 can damage endothelial tight junctions, inhibit astrocytic production of Sonic Hedgehog (SHH) signaling, and induce the release of further pro-inflammatory factors, thereby exacerbating neuroinflammation (Bronisz et al., 2023)
Glutamine is a building block for making proteins in the body
These pathways do not directly target central sensitization, neuroinflammation, or pain processing mechanisms implicated in fibromyalgia
In February 2026, full results from the REDEFINE 2 study showed CagriSema achieving 23% weight loss at 84 weeks but falling short of its primary endpoint under the treatment policy estimand (which measures efficacy across all patients regardless of whether they completed treatment, rather than only those who remained on it)
Orecchio S, Indelicato R, Barreca S (2013) The distribution of phthalate esters in indoor dust of Palermo (Italy)
You can report any suspected side effects to the MHRA Yellow Card scheme (yellowcard.mhra.gov.uk or via the Yellow Card app)