The fully adjusted model controlled for age group, sex, survey year, area deprivation, educational attainment, ethnicity, diabetes, other cardiovascular disease, alcohol use, and physical activity
No specific limits or exclusion criteria were imposed based on the primary outcome on smoking measures
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We also excluded patients with uncontrolled congestive heart failure, severe renal impairment, active infection, malignancy, or pregnancy to ensure that the study population was as homogeneous as possible and to reduce the risk of bias