Since no new studies were added for pharyngeal and oesophageal cancers, their non-specific risk estimates of 2.23 (95% CI 1.553.20) and 2.17 (95% CI 1.702.78) remained as per our original estimates, respectively
Desert Thunderstorm (Desert Sage, Pinyon Pine & Resin, Petrichor, Sweetgrass, Creosote Bush, Sand, Ponderosa Pine, Smoke) Richard Thomas explains that many natural dry clays and soils evolve a peculiarly characteristic odor when in contact with moisture, and notes that this odor is particularly prevalent in arid regions and widely associated with the first rains after a period of drought
As an initial pilot effort, the betel year is a starting point, with further studies needed to explore the carcinogenic potential of other additives globally and refine the metric for wider use
Bowl Diameter : 0.78" = 20 mm
Additional information
The studies reporting RRs of smoking and cancer published before August 1, 2012 were identified using databases including PubMed ( and KoreaMed ( The search keywords were Korea, Asia, smoking, tobacco smoking, passive smoking, secondhand smoke, environmental tobacco smoke, risk, and cancer