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95% CI: 1.401.70) [ Preclinical research Since ADHD is a heterogenous disorder that results from different combinations of genetic and environmental factors, studying the disease in an animal model provides an invaluable resource for understanding the neurochemistry underlying specific aspects of ADHD and the relative risk that various exposures have on the development of ADHD [ A list of criteria for an optimal animal model of ADHD was suggested and posits that the model should have impulsiveness be absent initially and gradually develop over time, should sustain attention-deficit behaviors only when stimuli are widely spaced in time, and should not display hyperactivity in a novel environment [ In one study, the researchers sought to determine the impact that PNE on measures of attention and impulsivity in adult male Lister hooded rats using the 5-CSRT [ DRD4 , DAT1 , NR4A2 , and TH ) in either the PFC or the striatum [ Another study in a mouse animal model found that PNE reduced the number of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-positive varicosities in the shell of the NA and in the mPFC [ Studies have also characterized a PNE mouse model that displays the full range of ADHD associated behavioral phenotypes including attention deficit and impulsive-like behavior and working memory deficits [Figure 3) [ Schizophrenia Schizophrenia is a serious mental disorder characterized by delusions, hallucinations, disturbances in thought, perception, and behavior [ The prevalence of schizophrenia is between 0.6% and 1.9% in the United States with over 21 million people afflicted worldwide [ Increasing evidence has supported a role between pre- and postnatal environmental risk factors that lead to neurodevelopment changes implicated in schizophrenia [ Clinical research In a population-based nested case-control study ( n = 977), an association between higher maternal cotinine levels was associated with an increased odds of schizophrenia in offspring (OR = 3.41, 95% CI 1.866.24)
