cigarette tape Cassette and keyboardist Phillip Tubbs Cigarette Box Packaging Tear Tape

One observational study (Alqahtani et al., 2021) found that e-cigarette users had lower BMI than non-users (PMID: 33841892)

The potential role of the immuno-compromising nature of secondhand smoke is further reinforced by emerging research that has specifically documented a link between the two

This was associated with reduction in antioxidant enzymes and biomarkers including superoxide dismutase for acute and chronic hookah smoke exposures, and catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances for chronic exposure [196]

Mishra, N

a Monthly family income: Self-reported by the participant

Both hookah and cigarettes also worsened seminal parameters in the tested men