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Cigarette smoke induces interleukin-8 release from human bronchial epithelial cells

The concentration of harmful chemicals like nicotine, tar, and carbon monoxide becomes dangerously high in a confined space

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Nonfunctioning physical barriers and fluid accumulation in the lungs may further increase the risk of infection, decrease gas exchange, and exacerbate COPD symptoms

Measures Demographic characteristics Demographic characteristics were collected from participants, including age, sex (female, male), education level (high school or lower, diploma degree, Bachelors degree or higher), and employment status (unemployed, student, employed)