Study found that e-cigarette use impairs immune responses to influenza infection, including reduced anti-LAIV IgA levels and altered gene expression in nasal tissues
Smoking has been shown to induce shifts in the microbiota across several body niches, including the oral cavity, respiratory tract, and gastrointestinal system
In addition to the dysbiosis of oral microbiota induced by exclusive EC use, studies have further explored the synergistic effects of combined EC consumption with various types of tobacco products on oral microbial communities and their associations with oral pathologies
The human microbiome-a physiologic perspective
"New WHO report pushes for stronger tobacco control policies"
Nicotine decreases appetite and increases energy expenditure , and therefore, quitting this substance will have the opposite effect: increasing appetite and lowering energy expenditure, which explains the weight gain