Of note, the proportion of individuals who currently smoke in the BWHS is markedly lower than that in the SCCS
Continuous ingestion and inhalation of tobacco-derived toxins perturb this finely tuned ecosystem, leading to widespread alterations in microbial composition, metabolite profiles, and mucosal barrier integrity
11(suppl.1):i8191
This distancing process was achieved largely through the accoutrements of smoking, which included tobacco pipes and precious tobacco boxes made of gold, silver, or ivory, and often stamped with a heraldic coat of arms
2 If the mother does continue to smoke after giving birth, however, it is still more beneficial to breastfeed than to completely avoid this practice altogether
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