esophageal cancer from chewing tobacco use significantly increases the risk of by exposing the esophagus to harmful chemicals that damage its lining. This repeated irritation leads to inflammation and DNA Smokeless Tobacco and Oral Health

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To establish a causal relationship between exposure to environment pollutants and oral diseases, prospective longitudinal studies on this topic with specific and quantified measurement of environmental exposures are encouraged

After nicotine administration, impaired and diminished clearance of LDL and accelerated lipid transfer from HDL increases their deposition in the arterial wall, which result in the atherogenic lipid profile (increased LDL, decreased HDL/total cholesterol ratio) [276, 277]

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